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What are place prepositions?
Place prepositions , are prepositions that are used to describe the place or position of all types of nouns. It is common for the preposition to be placed before the noun. When we refer to Place prepositions we usually refer to "in", "at" and "on".
 

In : Is usually used to state that someone or something is in a (the boundaries can be physical or virtual place.
On : Is usually used to state someone or something is on top of a surface.
At : Is usually used to state something or someone is at a specific place.
 
How to use a prepositions?
1. The prepositions usually comes before the noun.
2. Prepositions can be used with all forms of nouns (e.g. collective nouns, pronouns etc).
3. Prepositions can't come after a verb, but can be used before a gerund or verb in noun form.
4. The rules above do not change and there are no exceptions to the rules.


We use :
* at for a PRECISE TIME
* in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
* on for DAYS and DATES

Example:
  • I have a meeting at 9am.
  • The shop closes at midnight.
  • Jane went home at lunchtime.
  • In England, it often snows in December.
  • Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
  • There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
  • Do you work on Mondays?
  • Her birthday is on 20 November.
  • Where will you be on New Year's Day?

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
  • I went to London last June. (not in last June)
  • He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
  • I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
  • We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
 
  Prepositions of place are used to clarify a specific place. Place prepositions are used with all nouns. The preposition usually comes before the noun or the pronoun. The preposition never comes before a verb.

In general, we use :
  • at for a POINT
  • in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
  • on for a SURFACE
 Examples:
  • Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
  • The shop is at the end of the street.
  • My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
  • When will you arrive at the office?
  • Do you work in an office?
  • I have a meeting in New York.
  • Do you live in Japan?
  • Jupiter is in the Solar System.
  • The author's name is on the cover of the book.
  • There are no prices on this menu.
  • You are standing on my foot.
  • There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
  • I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.

There are two voices in English, the active and the passive. The active tells us what the subject does, for example: The secretary wrote a letter. The passive tell us what is done to the subject, for example: The letter was written by the secretary.

Definition of passive voice:
A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not grammatical subject of the sentence.

Agent
     In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.


The generic structure:
• Active: S + V active + O
• Passive: O + to be + V3 + by + S
 

Active to passive voice
Simple Present
Noun + is/am/are + V3
Active: she is write a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by her.
 

Present continuous
Noun + is/am/are + being + V3

Active: I am buying a motorcycle.
Passive: A motorcycle is being bought by me.
 

Simple Past
Noun + was/were + V3

Active: The police released the hostages. Passive: The hostages were released by the police.
 

Past Continuous
Noun + was/were + being +V3

Active: The officer was investigating the case.
Passive: The case was being investigated by the officer.
 

Simple Future
Noun + shall/will + be +V3

Active: The judges will issue a verdict against the accused.
Passive: A verdict against the accused will be issued by the judges.
 

Past Future
Noun + should/would + be +V3

Active: The investigator would hand in the file.
Passive: The file would be handed in by the investigator.
 

Simple Present Perfect
Noun + has/have + been + V3

Active: A local resident has uncovered an ancient boat.
Passive: An ancient boat has been uncovered by a local resident.
 

Past Perfect
Noun + had + been + V3

Active: We had found your watch.
Passive: Your watch had been found by us.
 

Simple Future Perfect
Noun + shall/will + have + been + V3

Active: The witness shall have shown the evidence.
Passive: The evidence will have been shown by the witness.
 

Past Future Perfect
Noun + should/would + have + been + V3

Active: The major should have been invited by the president.
Passive: The president should have been invited by the major.
 

Modals
Noun + must/shall/will/have to/has to + be + V3

Active: Sugiarto must report his attendance to the police once a week.
Passive: His attendance must be reported by Sugiarto to the police once a week.



If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
.



Use of passive
Passive voice is use when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite then active voice, as the following example shows: A mistake was made.
In this case, the focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I don’t blame anyone.
 
When we rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
• The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
• The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped).
• Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form.
• The two forms should have the same tenses.
 

How about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
• People don’t use bikes anymore.
• Bikes are not used anymore.
• Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
• Were the cards played in the class yesterday?